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Summary
Description |
English: Less than 100 years ago scientists didn't know if the universe was coming or going, literally. It even fooled the great mind of Albert Einstein. He assumed the universe must be static. But to keep the universe from collapsing under gravity like a house of cards, Einstein hypothesized there was a repulsive force at work, called the cosmological constant, that counterbalanced gravity's tug. Along came Edwin Hubble in 1923 who found that galaxies were receding from us at a proportional rate, called the Hubble constant, which meant the universe was uniformly expanding, so there was no need to shore it up with any mysterious force from deep space. In measuring how this expansion was expected to slow down over time, 11 years ago, two studies, one led by Adam Riess of the Space Telescope Science Institute and the Johns Hopkins University and Brian Schmidt of Mount Stromlo Observatory, and the other by Saul Perlmutter of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, independently discovered dark energy, which seems to behave like Einstein's cosmological constant.
To better characterize dark energy, Riess used Hubble Space Telescope's crisp view (combined with 2003 data from NASA's Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe, WMAP) to refine the value of the universe's expansion rate to a precision of three percent. That's a big step from 20 years ago when astronomers' estimates for the Hubble constant disagreed by a factor of two. This new value implies that dark energy really is a steady push on the universe as Einstein imagined, rather than something more effervescent (like the early inflationary universe) that changes markedly over time. Data from several HST proposals were used for this science. These include: 9352, 9728, 10189, 10339, and 10802, PI: A. Riess (STScI/JHU). Data specific to observations of NGC 3021 are from HST proposals 10802 and 10497 PI: A. Riess (STScI/JHU). The science team includes: A. Riess (STScI/JHU), L. Macri (Texas A&M University), S. Casertano and M. Sosey (STScI), H. Lampeitl (STScI/University of Portsmouth, UK), H. Ferguson (STScI), A. Filippenko (University of California, Berkeley), S. Jha (Rutgers University), W. Li and R. Chornock (University of California, Berkeley), and D. Sarkar (University of California, Irvine). |
Date | November 2005 - November 2006 |
Source | https://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2009/08/image/b/ |
Author | NASA, ESA, and A. Riess (STScI/JHU) |
Permission (Reusing this file) |
HD-HUBBLE |
Licensing
This file is in the public domain because it was created by NASA. NASA copyright policy states that "NASA material is not protected by copyright unless noted". (See Template:PD-USGov, NASA copyright policy page or JPL Image Use Policy.)
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Warnings:
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Public Domain
EXIF data: | |
File name | ngc_3021_hubble.jpg |
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Size, Mbytes | 1.7933818359375 |
Mime type | image/jpeg |
Orientation of image | 1 |
Image resolution in width direction | 72 |
Image resolution in height direction | 72 |
Unit of X and Y resolution | 2 |
Color space information | 65535 |
Exif image width | 1838 |
Exif image length | 2119 |
Software used | Adobe Photoshop CS3 Macintosh |
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